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The Thermo Scientific™ NanoDrop™ Ultra Spectrophotometers and Fluorometers represent the next generation of microvolume detection. These cutting-edge instruments deliver exceptional accuracy and sensitivity for nucleic acid and protein analysis with sample volumes as low as 1.0 μL. The NanoDrop Ultra is designed to streamline workflows across a wide range of fields, including genomics, proteomics, molecular biology, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and life sciences research. It provides unparalleled precision, efficiency, and reliability in one compact device.Avoid costly setbacks in your workflow with an understanding of sample quality like never before using the Thermo Scientific™ NanoDrop™ Ultra Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometers Fluorometers. Innovative Thermo Scientific™ Acclaro™ Sample Intelligence technology is built into every instrument for improved measurement accuracy and contaminant identification. Quantify and qualify DNA, RNA, and protein samples in seconds with only 1-2μL, and obtain full-spectral data before you decide to use samples in downstream applications. Cuvette compatible models are also available for additional flexibility.For the first time in NanoDrop history, select NanoDrop Ultra models will include both microvolume absorbance and fluorescence capabilities. Paired with its compact design and large high-resolution 10.1 in. touch screen interface, the NanoDrop Ultra spectrophotometers and fluorometers are a perfect fit for users looking for flexibility and convenience. The optional Acclaro Pro software, compatible with the NanoDrop Ultra instruments, unlocks elevated accuracy for highly concentrated samples with an improved algorithm. This is the next generation NanoDrop single channel instrument with improved hardware and software features over the beloved NanoDrop 2000/2000c and NanoDrop One/OneC Spectrophotometers.Acclaro Sample Intelligence TechnologyAcclaro technology enhances user understanding of sample quality while delivering accurate quantitative measurements. Early identification of contaminants can prevent failure of downstream applications and save days of troubleshooting.Contaminant detection and analysis – offers a comprehensive evaluation of sample purity AND corrects sample absorbance, empowering users to confidently identify, quantify, and mitigate contaminants. Plant and bacteria DNA and RNA differentiations are available for researchers, scientists, and professionals in fields such as agriculture, plant biology, microbiology, and genetic engineering.Sample integrity insight - provides real-time alerts when bubbles are detected in your sample which could otherwise lead to inaccurate measurements.Reliable accuracy – ensures measurement integrity with embedded sensor and digital image analysis.All-in-one absorbance and fluorescence analysisObtain the most complete information about the concentration and quality of your DNA or RNA samples by making absorbance or fluorescence measurements on the same instrument. The NanoDrop Ultra FL and NanoDrop UltraC FL are capable of both micro-volume absorbance and fluorescence measurements, thanks to the inclusion of red and blue solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs).High sensitivity—more sensitive than absorbance–based quantificationSample prep calculator—integrated reagent calculator determines amount of dye and buffer needed.

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Thermo Scientific Vibrational Spectroscopy: Trusted by experts, intuitive for everyone

Jun 30th, 2023

With over 50 years of experience in spectroscopy innovation, Thermo Fisher Scientific provides instruments and support that help lab technicians, researchers, and students break barriers that once felt impossible. The portfolio of vibrational spectroscopy solutions—including near IR, multi-range FTIR, and Raman instruments—deliver the performance, reliability, and ease of use you need to succeed.This digital infographic explores the broad range of application areas—including pharmaceutical, battery materials, microplastics, polymer analysis, forensics, and food analysis—taking a closer look at the instruments and solutions designed to enable state-of-the-art testing and materials characterization.Whether you’re a seasoned spectroscopist or just starting, these solutions help you collect high-quality data and have confidence in your results.Take a moment to browse some of these key application areas to help you with your material analysis needs.Check out this exclusive interactive infographic!

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The Solution for Superior Data Integrity and Lab Compliance

The Thermo Scientific™ NanoDrop™ Eight Spectrophotometer builds on the NanoDrop 8000 -  the original high-throughput NanoDrop instrument - and our flagship NanoDrop One/OneC Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Advanced capabilities include concentration correction for contaminated samples and eight-fold increased sample throughput. For labs requiring data integrity, optional software helps users comply with 21 CFR Part 11.   Check out the exclusive infographic to learn more about: The high-throughput performance attributes Dynamic range and automated data export functions Advanced software deconvolution features for contaminant analysis Dedicated software to support compliance and more

Infographic

Thermo Scientific Vibrational Spectroscopy

Jun 26th, 2025

With over 50 years of experience in spectroscopy innovation, Thermo Fisher Scientific provides instruments and support that help lab technicians, researchers, and students break barriers that once felt impossible. Our vibrational spectroscopy solutions—including near IR, multi-range FTIR, and Raman instruments—deliver the performance, reliability, and ease of use you need to succeed. Whether you’re a seasoned spectroscopist or just starting, our solutions help you collect high-quality data and have confidence in your results. Take a moment to browse some of these key application areas to help you in your material analysis needs. menu Pharmaceutical Battery Microplastics Polymer Forensics Food & Beverage Contact Pharmaceutical Research and Analysis Solutions Guided by pharmacology and clinical sciences, and driven by chemistry, pharmaceutical research plays a crucial role in the development of pharmaceuticals. From the stages of drug development to marketing and post-marketing, a plethora of analytical techniques are used for the investigation of bulk drug materials, intermediates, drug products, drug formulations, impurities and degradation products, and biological samples containing the drugs and their metabolites. The aim is to understand the physical and chemical stability of the drug, the impact on the selection and design of the dosage form, the stability of the drug molecules, and the quantity and identity of the impurities, amongst others. Our wide range of solutions provide resources to monitor your drug quickly and accurately as it moves through the development workflow but also enables quality and regulatory compliance through the drug formulation, development, and manufacturing processes. Research and development applications in the pharmaceutical industry include: Rapid imaging for API distribution analysis Non-destructive analysis for minimal sample preparation Options for bulk sampling Identification of isomers, hydrates and polymorphs Verified reliability and stability of analysis See More Raman Spectroscopy Near-infrared Spectroscopy FTIR Spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy for pharmaceutical applications With this non-destructive method that requires little to no sample preparation, Raman is the ideal technique for ultra-fast chemical imaging for a wide range of scientific investigations. Pharmaceutical investigators can employ Raman in several stages of their workflow—from drug formulation and development to quality control. Raman can quickly identify the chemical structure of samples to pinpoint defects and contaminants, helping pharmaceutical companies to maintain product consistency. More Information DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope The DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope is a complete, integrated package that provides stunning chemical images and quick research-quality results. Ultra-fast chemical imaging that speeds scientific investigations New advanced particle analysis workflow for automated microparticle location and identification Instant information with Thermo Scientific OMNIC xi 3D visualization software Ideal for multi-user research facilities Request a Quote More Information Learn more about the DXR3 family Near-infrared spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis Use NIR to support continuous or batch manufacturing and deliver high-quality products with analytical workflows that meet all compliance needs. Apply non-destructive techniques to meet high throughput demands and final product QA/QC lab requirements. Leverage Process Analytical Technology (PAT) to minimize the risk and reduce costs to your organization. Benefit from the flexibility of sampling methods for both upstream and downstream online analysis demand in bioprocessing. More Information Antaris II FT-NIR analyzer The Antaris II FT-NIR Analyzer provides robust and reliable calibrations that can be migrated from the laboratory to at-line, online, and in-line analysis. Rapidly and accurately analyze any sample type Antaris II MDS Method Development Sampling System includes transmission, fiber-optic and integrating sphere diffuse reflection analysis Recommended for solids, powders, grains, tablets, paste, gel, syrup, films, and liquids. Request a Quote More Information FTIR spectroscopy inpharmaceutical analysis Our FTIR spectrometers enable you to perform raw material identification, differentiate between polymorphs, and analyze formulated products with specificity, speed, and reliability. With software tools to support data integrity and required validation protocols, and hardware modules designed to work 24-7-365 with minimal re-qualification needs, these spectrometers help you comply with pharmacopeia regulatory requirements while getting the job done. More Information Nicolet iS20 FTIR Spectrometer Maximize laboratory productivity and quickly collect high-quality spectral data with the Thermo Scientific™ Nicolet™ iS20 FTIR Spectrometer. An integrated touch panel allows users of any skill level to quickly analyze challenging samples and a new multi-color LED scan bar gives users immediate feedback on whether the instrument is in idle, collect or alert mode. Identify unknown contaminants, perform failure analysis and accurately analyze mixtures using the spectral power of the Thermo Scientific™ LightDrive™ Optical Engine built into each instrument. Request a Quote More Information Related Products arrow_back arrow_forward Nicolet RaptIR FTIR Microscope The Nicolet RaptIR research-grade FTIR microscope helps you rapidly locate and identify trace materials, inclusions, impurities, microparticles, and the distribution of materials within a sample with incredible clarity and precision. Reflectance, transmission, and ATR sampling modes with automated exchange provide versatility Diffraction-limited objectives provide outstanding visual and infrared performance Request a Quote More Information Nicolet Summit X FTIR Spectrometer The unique LightDrive Optical Engine and the user-friendly interface of the Thermo Scientific OMNIC Paradigm Software enables programmed applications that streamline data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. Intuitive, visual workflow creator with a drag-and-drop functionality 21 CFR Part 11 compliance and data security packages are available Request a Quote More Information Pharmaceutical Application Resources View More Resources → Safely accelerating drug development for brighter outcomes Learn more about our wide range of range of spectroscopy and materials characterization tools – FTIR, NIR, and Raman techniques plus others. Read More eBook: FTIR/NIR/Raman in (Bio) Pharmaceutical Analysis Here we present expert interviews on the applications of vibrational spectroscopy (Raman, NIR, FTIR) in biologics manufacturing. Read More Biopharmaceutical Spectroscopy Infographic Explore the latest spectroscopy techniques involved in the purification of biologics. Read More Battery Materials Analysis The complex nature of batteries requires a multi-faceted combination of electro-chemical analyses and materials characterization techniques. Raman spectroscopy has emerged as an important analytical technique that can be used to characterize a variety of battery components. Advantages of Raman include minimal sample preparation for ex situ analysis of anode and cathode materials and real-time analysis of structural and material changes in lithium-ion batteries. FTIR analysis is used to perform research or quality control to help optimize lithium battery alternatives (e.g., Li–S, Li–O2, Na-ion), electrolyte formulations, or catalytic systems. The non-destructive nature of FTIR spectroscopy makes this an ideal technique for quickly catching changes that can affect battery life and safety. Our tools allow the performance of dynamic electrochemical studies; system operation under operando conditions (operating live); catalyst examination under controlled environmental conditions, including temperature and atmosphere; the examination of the behavior of different regions of energy storage cells; and the analysis of gaseous emissions released under overheating/overvoltage or mechanical damage. See More Related Products arrow_back arrow_forward DXR3 Flex Raman Spectrometer The Thermo Scientific™ DXR3 Flex Raman Spectrometer is a research-grade Raman spectrometer specifically designed for integration with other analytical techniques. Whether you need to complement your materials understanding with chemical identification, correlate chemistry and materials performance, or monitor a process in real time, the DXR3 Flex Raman Spectrometer can help you reach your goals faster. Configurable excitation laser wavelengths and spectral resolution to maximize performance for particular materials Thermo Scientific™ OMNIC™ Software, data, and spectral library compatibility with DXR3 Raman instruments. OMNIC D/S Software offers CFR 21 part 11 compliance Request a Quote More Information Nicolet iS50 and iS50R FTIR Spectrometers The Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer is dual source-capable, offering a wide range of accessories and flexibility. Designed to be highly flexible, the Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer can be upgraded from a simple FTIR bench to a fully automated, multi-spectral range system that can acquire spectra from far-infrared to visible. Request a Quote More Information Nicolet Summit X FTIR Spectrometer The unique LightDrive Optical Engine and the user-friendly interface of the Thermo Scientific OMNIC Paradigm Software enables programmed applications that streamline data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. Intuitive, visual workflow creator with a drag-and-drop functionality 21 CFR Part 11 compliance and data security packages are available Request a Quote More Information Battery Application Resources View More Resources → Lithium-ion battery research and development workflow As battery performance continues to improve, the processes used to develop new materials and devise novel manufacturing methodologies must improve too. This infographic will explore how spectroscopy, microscopy, rheology, and extrusion... See More Battery Value Chain Webinars Thermo Fisher Scientific offers a broad range of tools and instruments for battery research, control of raw materials, and production of current and advanced battery technology. Watch Now Analyzing cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes with Raman spectroscopy Li-ion batteries continue to improve as energy storage needs increase. However, we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of the chemical reactions that happen within Li-ion batteries. This knowledge gap has caused several high-profile reports of failures, including explosions and fires caused by Li-ion... Read More Challenges of Microplastics Testing Our use of plastics in everyday items and manufacturing processes has resulted in a deluge of slowly degradable materials entering our environment and our food chain. As plastics break down into tiny particles (mm diameter) the consequences on human, animal, and ecosystem health need to be studied. Raman and infrared microscopy can provide the proper identification of a wide range of microplastic particles (1-5000 µm diameter) collected from environmental, industrial, municipal, or consumer-product samples. Learn about our FTIR and Raman spectroscopy solutions that can help you identify, characterize, and quantify microplastics from a variety of sample sources (bottled water, ocean water, industrial waste streams) without being a spectroscopy expert. See More Raman Instruments The DXR3 Raman family brings Raman analysis at the speed researchers need with advanced imaging capabilities like particle analysis, 3D visualization software and improved stability with automatic x-axis calibration. Expanded offerings of lasers and cameras improve application flexibility. With the DXR3 Family of Raman instruments, you can use Raman spectroscopy, microscopy, and imaging that quickly creates research-grade images giving viewers instant information on the chemical, structural and elemental characteristics of their sample. Ideal for researchers in pharmaceutical, polymer/chemical, academia, microplastics and other material science applications. Thermo Scientific DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope The Thermo Scientific DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope offers the analytical power to discern microplastics from other contaminants with high-spatial resolution down to 0.5 µm. The multivariate analysis algorithms of the Thermo Scientific OMNIC Software allow for spectral identification across a spectral library of plastics and polymers. The DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope has auto alignment and calibration capabilities to ensure accurate measurements and consistency between operators, supporting recommendations made by the EPA working group. This microscope quickly images large surface areas across the sample filter, making it a fast, reliable method for comparing multiple particulates and identifying their chemical components. Request a Quote More Information Related Products arrow_back arrow_forward Nicolet RaptIR FTIR Microscope In analytical labs where details matter most—when productivity is measured in microns and minutes—turn to the Thermo Scientific Nicolet RaptIR FTIR Microscope, a research-grade microscope suitable for users of all experience levels. Request a Quote More Information Learn more about the Nicolet FTIR Family Nicolet iN5 FTIR Microscope Quickly identify unknown materials and contaminants that may affect product quality with the Thermo Scientific Nicolet iN5 FTIR Microscope, which provides rapid identification with point-and-shoot simplicity. Request a Quote More Information Nicolet iN10 and IN10 MX Infrared Microscopes Streamline your infrared microanalysis workflow with the Thermo Scientific Nicolet iN10 Infrared Microscope, a modern, productive, and cost-effective infrared microanalysis solution with a simple, sophisticated design suitable for new and experienced users alike. Request a Quote More Information Microplastics Application Resources Simplify microplastics testing and accelerate your research As the world leader in serving science it’s our mission to enable customers to make the world healthier, cleaner and safer; which means providing education and consultation to customers looking to identify and analyze microplastics... Read More Deep dive into microplastics This eBook thoroughly explores microplastic pollution and demonstrates the impact of innovative vibrational microspectroscopy techniques on this field of research. Read More Chemical Analysis of Polymers Manipulating the molecular structure of polymers leads to new plastics that perform better in daily life. Our analytical solutions help customers drive innovation and productivity in polymer analysis; encompassing the design, characterization, and lab-to-production scale of polymeric materials across many industries. For more than 50 years, the Nicolet brand has been synonymous with leading infrared spectroscopy technologies to enable accurate chemical characterization of materials. This expertise has since expanded to other analytical techniques such as Raman to provide labs with a complete analytical solution for their polymeric materials. See More Spectroscopy of Polymers Characterize the composition of polymer and chemical systems from development of new materials to root cause analysis of product failure. Understand what chemical properties you need to control when designing new materials with advanced features. Catch changes in additive formulations, degradation of multi-layer polymer composites, weakened packaging materials, and the effects of process curing times on polymer specifications. Our analytical instruments and software products allow you to streamline your analysis and optimize your plant production. Quick and definitive identification of compounded plastics, blends, fillers, paints, rubbers, coatings, resins, and adhesives. Identification of material defects via multiple spectroscopic techniques and spectral identification tools. Complex mixture analysis utilizing OMNIC Specta Multi-component search tools. Related Products arrow_back arrow_forward Nicolet iS50 and iS50R FTIR Spectrometers Solve analytical challenges with ease using the Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer, featuring purpose-built accessories and integrated software—making it an all-in-one materials analysis workstation. Request a Quote More Information Thermo Scientific Antaris II FT-NIR Analyzer Easily implement laboratory-based FT-NIR performance for polymer analysis using the Thermo Scientific™ Antaris™ II FT-NIR Analyzer. Customize an Antaris II FT-NIR Analyzer for specific applications or choose the Antaris II MDS Method Development Sampling System, which includes transmission, fiber-optic and integrating sphere diffuse reflection analysis all in one turnkey system. Request a Quote More Information DXR3 Flex Raman Spectrometer The Thermo Scientific™ DXR3 Flex Raman Spectrometer is a research-grade Raman spectrometer specifically designed for integration with other analytical techniques. Whether you need to complement your materials understanding with chemical identification, correlate chemistry and materials performance, or monitor a process in real time, the DXR3 Flex Raman Spectrometer can help you reach your goals faster. Configurable excitation laser wavelengths and spectral resolution to maximize performance for particular materials Thermo Scientific™ OMNIC™ Software, data, and spectral library compatibility with DXR3 Raman instruments. OMNIC D/S Software offers CFR 21 part 11 compliance Request a Quote More Information Learn more about the DXR3 Family Polymer Application Resources View More Resources → Chemical Analysis of Polymers Our analytical solutions help customers drive innovation and productivity in polymer analysis; encompassing the design, characterization and lab-to-production scale of polymeric materials across many industries. For more than... Read More Spectroscopy in Forensic Science Whether you need to screen and confirm known compounds, identify unknowns, or advance forensic research, we offer a solution to meet your current and future needs. Forensic Toxicology Make complete and confident identification of seized materials and trace evidence from narcotics to paint chips. Suspicious documents High-profile courts cases—from securities fraud to murder investigations—often hinge upon suspicious documents, requiring comparison between inks or reference databases. Trace evidence detection Most materials analyses require multi-dimensional analysis to provide the full picture. Using a combination of FTIR microscopes and FTIR spectrometers can identify materials such as, paint, glass, fibers, and tapes. Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 and iS50R FTIR Spectrometers The Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer is dual source-capable, offering a wide range of accessories offers the flexibility you need to target your analysis. Designed to be highly flexible, the Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer can be upgraded from a simple FTIR bench to a fully automated, multi-spectral range system that can acquire spectra from far-infrared to visible. Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50R Research FTIR Spectrometers is designed for advanced spectroscopic studies with unmatched flexibility and performance. Modulate amplitude and phase of the signals, and conduct advanced continuous scan, time-resolved step-scan or dual channel spectroscopy applications. Designed with the Vectra-Piezo series interferometer, the Nicolet iS50R PM Spectrometer provides precision and signal-to-noise ratios not possible with air-bearing or mechanical interferometers that are susceptible to laboratory vibrations and acoustic noises. Request a Quote More Information Related Products arrow_back arrow_forward Thermo Scientific™ DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope The DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope achieves faster data visualization with enhanced software, making it possible to use advanced particle analysis to quickly identify and analyze tiny contaminants in your sample. 3D confocal imaging provides non-destructive, non-invasive 3D investigation imaging for chemical and molecular compounds, while Terrain Mapping characterizes uneven sample surfaces and collects in-focus Raman images with ease. Request a Quote More Information Nicolet iN10 and IN10 MX Infrared Microscopes Streamline your infrared microanalysis workflow with the Thermo Scientific Nicolet iN10 Infrared Microscope, a modern, productive, and cost-effective infrared microanalysis solution with a simple, sophisticated design suitable for new and experienced users alike. Request a Quote More Information Nicolet RaptIR FTIR Microscope In analytical labs where details matter most—when productivity is measured in microns and minutes—turn to the Thermo Scientific Nicolet RaptIR FTIR Microscope, a research-grade microscope suitable for users of all experience levels. Request a Quote More Information Learn more about the Nicolet Family Forensic Application Resources View More Resources → On demand webinars: Forensics webinars on FTIR and Raman spectroscopy FTIR and Raman spectroscopy are well-established techniques that support law enforcement and criminal justice efforts, ensuring that data can be trusted and verdicts stick. Watch Now Webinar: How to Analyze 12 Different Forensic Samples In this 35-minute webinar we’ll review 12 forensic case analyses and the techniques used to move them from investigate to solved. Sample types include everything from hair to drugs to explosives. This webinar also... Watch Now IR spectroscopy in Food Analysis Ensuring quality and safety in foods and beverages requires continuous vigilance to ensure that all surfaces the food contacts throughout production are inert, non-toxic, and scrupulously clean. It is essential to identify unexpected components to determine if they are contaminants requiring elimination or acceptable byproducts of the food production process. Infrared spectroscopy can provide rapid analysis throughout the process. For all beverages, the compositional quality and safety must be monitored throughout production. Using best practices for quality control, you can not only ensure the integrity and safety of all raw ingredients, process intermediates, and the final product, but will also be able to track contamination, minimize adulteration, and confirm product consistency. See More Related Products arrow_back arrow_forward Thermo Scientific Antaris II FT-NIR Analyzer Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy is a simple, relatively fast, reproducible method to analyze powders and liquids directly and non-destructively. The Thermo Scientific Antaris II FT-NIR Analyzer can be used for method development, at-line quality control, and in-line monitoring and control tool. This helps: Assess meat products, edible oils, beverages, processed foods, sugars/other sweeteners, seeds, dairy products, and milk powders Monitor the drying process for milk powders Report nutritional facts and proximate analysis Confirm the identity and consistency of nutraceuticals and food ingredients Request a Quote More Information Thermo Scientific Nicolet Summit OA FTIR Spectrometer Enable rapid characterization of oil, liquid, syrup, and paste samples Manage costs, verify oil quality, and provide consistent appearance of product for snack food manufacturers Create customer-specific applications for qualitative and quantitative analysis of food products Reduce the number of steps to take measurements by automating tasks with workflows using the intuitive Thermo Scientific™ OMNIC™ Paradigm Software Request a Quote More Information Food Application Resources Spectroscopy, Rheology, and Extrusion Resources for Food Development and Testing Food and beverage development resources that introduce relevant technologies and solutions to help improve quality and assist with research and development. Read More Explore Beverage testing and Spectroscopy Analysis Application Notes For all beverages, the compositional quality and safety must be monitored throughout production. Using best practices for quality control, you can not only ensure the integrity and safety of all raw ingredients, process... Read More Ready to speak with a technical sales specialist about our products for materials analysis and characterization? Complete and submit the form below and a specialist will contact you to provide answers. First Name: * Last Name: * Email: * Company Name: City: * State/Region: * Zip Code: * Country * Please fill out all mandatory fields. Next Are you interested in (select all that apply)* Request a demonstration Request a quote Speak to a technical expert What type of instruments are you currently seeking more information on?* FTIR spectrometers IR microscopes NIR/FT-NIR spectrometers Raman spectrometers/imaging systems FTIR gas analyzers Additional Comments: Opt-in to receive marketing and promotional emails regarding products and services from Thermo Fisher Scientific Previous Submit 1 2 For full details of how Thermo Fisher Scientific will treat your information, please click here to view the privacy policy. Copyright © 1995-2021 - LabX.com - All Rights Reserved. For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of the LabX User Agreement.